Adapting the 15‑minute city model for suburban areas: Key performance indicators (KPIs) and multimodal mobility strategies

The 15-minute city (15minC) model has emerged as a guiding framework for just and sustainable urban development, prioritising proximity, connectivity, and diversity to enhance residents’ quality of life. While widely applied in dense urban centres, its implementation in suburban areas faces particular challenges. In this paper, we define a set of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to explore the potential of digitalisation and integrated multimodal mobility strategies as enablers of the 15minC principles in suburban contexts. Six diverse case studies are examined across six countries in Europe: Spain, Portugal, Hungary, Italy, Germany, and Turkey.